In short, the case study is about Rescue Robots and their mission to explore a disaster area, build a map, and locate/retrieve injured humans.
Issues that they have (amongst others) are:
navigating a GPS-degraded or GPS-denied environment.
navigating in an unknown environment eg an existing map is useless due to transformation of the area due to the distaster eg explosion or earthquake.
identifying human shapes in different light conditions (including darkness), when the shapes may be blocked by other shapes.
communicating with the human rescue team waiting outside the damaged area
There are other issues (see case study).
Beyond technical issues, there are also ethical issues. For example, what is the consequence of an injured human being further injured or even killed during a rescue attempt by a rescue robot?